Memory including bi-polar memristor

ABSTRACT

A memory cell includes an input coupled to a read line, an output coupled to a circuit ground, a bi-polar memristor, and at least one address switch coupled to an address line to select the memory cell. A memory includes the bi-polar memristor and a one-way current conducting device, wherein the one-way current conducting device is positioned between the memristor cell output and the circuit ground, or between the read line and the memristor cell input.

BACKGROUND

A memristor is a device that changes resistance depending upon apotential difference that has been applied across the memristor during aswitching event. As the resistance changes upon a switching event, thememristor may be used as a memory. Applying a potential difference abovea first threshold to the memristor may set the memristor to a lowresistance state, commonly known as an ON state. Switching the memristorto the ON state is known as setting the memristor. Applying a potentialdifference below a second threshold may switch the memristor to an OFFstate, having a high resistance. This is known as resetting thememristor.

In the case of a bi-polar memristor, the first threshold and secondthreshold are potential differences of opposite polarity. Thus, forexample, a positive potential difference above a first threshold, mayset the memristor to an ON state. A negative potential difference belowa second threshold may reset the memristor to an OFF state. A memoryarray may include a plurality of memory cells, each memory cellincluding a memristor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only,with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A to 1D show examples of a memory circuit including a memristor;

FIGS. 2A and 2B shows an example of a plurality of memory cells eachincluding a memristor;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show other examples of a plurality of memory cells eachincluding a memristor;

FIG. 4 shows an example structure of a memory cell and a diode;

FIG. 5 shows another example structure of a memory cell and atransistor; and

FIG. 6 shows an example of a fluid ejection device including a memorycell.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description the terms “a” and “an” are used to denotethe presence of one or more of a particular element.

The circuits and memory arrays described herein have many possibleapplications. One possible application is as a memory on an electronicdevice, such as a fluid ejection device. Other examples of devices inwhich the memory may be used include system on chip devices, embeddedsystems, personal computing devices and all manner of consumer devices.An example memory circuit will be described first, before describing anexample device in which the memory circuit may be used.

The present disclosure proposes a memory circuit including a bi-polarmemristor and a one-way current conducting device. A one-way currentconducting device is a device that is capable of conducting current in afirst direction, but which does not allow current to flow in theopposite direction, or allows just a very low level of current to flowin the opposite direction. The one-way current conducting device mayprevent a large negative potential difference being applied across thememristor, thus preventing the memristor from being reset. This may helpto prevent counterfeit product manufacturers and others, from changingthe contents of a memory. For instance, if the memory stores productidentification data uniquely identifying a product, or anti-counterfeitcodes, or information used to facilitate operation of an electronicproduct, then the one-way current conducting device may prevent suchinformation being deleted, overwritten or changed.

FIG. 1A shows an example memory circuit. The memory circuit includes amemory cell on a conductive path between a read line 10 and a circuitground 60. The extent of the memory cell 20 is indicated nominally bydashed lines. Thus it can be seen that the memory cell 20 includes abi-polar memristor 30 and an address switch 40. An input 21 of thememory cell is coupled to read line 10 and an output 22 of the memorycell is coupled to circuit ground 60. It should be noted that the input21 and output 22 are nominal input and output points and there may notnecessarily be a visible dividing line between the read line and theinput or between the output and the line to the circuit ground.

While in FIG. 1A, the address switch 40 is shown positioned between thebi-polar memristor and the memory cell output 22, in other examples theaddress switch 40 may be positioned between the memory cell input 21 andthe bi-polar memristor 30. In any case when the address switch 40 isturned on it may connect the bi-polar memristor 30 to an input or outputof the memory cell.

The address switch 40 may be turned on by a signal on the address lineA. For instance, the address switch 40 may be a transistor with a gatecoupled to the address line A. When switched on, the address switch 40selects the memory cell. For example, the address switch 40 may selectthe memory cell by completing a conductive path between the memory cellinput, the bi-polar memristor 30 and the memory cell output. Thisconductive path may allow the content of the memory cell to be read. Forinstance, in order to read the memory cell a positive voltage may beapplied to the read line 10, so that a current flows through the memorycell to the circuit ground 60. The level of current may be sensed andused to determine whether the bi-polar memristor is ON or OFF.

As shown in FIG. 1A, a one-way current conducting device, in the form ofa diode 50, is coupled between the memory cell output and the circuitground 60. This one-way current conducting device may prevent a negativecurrent from flowing in the direction from the circuit ground 60 to theread line 10. Thus, even if a large positive voltage is applied to aground line of the circuit, the bi-polar memristor 30 will not be reset.This can be useful to stop counterfeiters from deleting or re-writingthe contents of the memory cell.

The diode in FIG. 1A, and also diodes in the further examples, describedin other Figures, may be any suitable type of diode. In one example itis a diode having a breakdown voltage that is more than 10V. In anotherexample 19V or more and in still another example between 19V and 25V. Inthis case, as the diode does not breakdown until a relatively highvoltage is applied, even if the diode is broken down the voltage may besuch that the entire circuit is damaged. That is memory cell and/orother electronic components on the same semiconductor substrate may bedamaged and no-longer function properly. Thus in one example, even byapplying a voltage larger than the break down voltage of the diode, acounterfeiter cannot reset the memristor in a memory cell of anelectronic device, without permanently damaging electronic components ofthe semiconductor substrate.

In one example the diode is a p-n junction diode. In one example it is adiode other than a Zener diode. In one example it is an avalanche diode.

A Zener diode is a diode that undergoes Zener breakdown on applicationof negative potential difference greater than the breakdown voltage ofthe diode. Zener breakdown is a breakdown which is caused by freeelectrons freed from covalent bonds at the junction, but not electronsfreed by collisions. Zener break down is generally reversible byapplying a positive potential difference under which the diode mayreform. Thus, unlike many other types of diode, when a Zener diode isbroken down to conduct a large negative current, the Zener diode maystill be reformed by applying a positive potential difference again.

An avalanche diode is a diode which undergoes avalanche breakdown, onapplication of a negative potential difference, greater than thebreakdown voltage of the diode. Avalanche breakdown is breakdown inwhich electrons at the junction are freed from covalent bonds by thepotential difference and collide with neighboring atoms thus creatingmore free electrons which join the reverse current flow. Avalanchebreakdown is irreversible and effectively destroys the diode and othercircuit devices, such that once the diode has experienced avalanchebreak down it cannot be reformed by applying a positive potentialdifference again.

Another difference is that a Zener diode may maintain a significantresistance and voltage drop even after breakdown. For instance if thebreakdown voltage is 10V then even after breakdown there may be a 10Vdrop across the diode. In contrast an avalanche diode generally does notmaintain a large voltage drop after breakdown.

In terms of physical characteristics, a Zener diode tends to have a p-njunction with heavy doping and a thin junction, e.g. a thin depletionlayer. Meanwhile, an avalanche diode tends to have a p-n junction withmoderate doping and a thick junction, e.g. a thick depletion layer.

The breakdown voltage for an avalanche diode is typically much greaterin magnitude than the break down voltage for a Zener diode. A Zenerdiode typically has quite a low break down voltage, for instance lessthan V. The breakdown voltage for an avalanche diode is typically muchgreater, for instance more than 10V. In one example the memory circuituses a diode which has a breakdown voltage of at least 19V. In oneexample the diode has a breakdown voltage in the range 19-25V.

FIG. 1B shows a similar arrangement to FIG. 1A, except that instead of adiode 50, the one-way current conducting device is a, transistor 51. Thetransistor 51 may be field effect transistor (FET), such as ametal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Thetransistor 51 includes a gate G, a source S and a drain D. The gate G iscoupled to the drain D, so that when voltage at the drain is high thetransistor is on and current may flow. However, when the voltage at thedrain D is low, then the voltage at the gate G is also low and currentmay not pass. Thus, for example, when a high voltage is applied on theread line 10, there is a positive potential difference between the readline 10 and the circuit ground 60. The voltage at drain D and gate G ofthe transistor 51 is high, so the transistor is on and current flowsfrom the read line 10, through the memory cell including memristor 30,through the transistor 51 to circuit ground 60. However, if a highvoltage is applied to the circuit ground line, creating a negativepotential difference between the read line 10 and the circuit ground,then the voltage at the gate G and drain D of the transistor 51 is lowand the transistor remains off, such that current cannot pass throughthe memory cell. Therefore a negative potential difference is notapplied to the bi-polar memristor 30. Thus the transistor 51 acts in asimilar manner to a diode to prevent the memristor from being reset. Atransistor set up in this way may be referred to as a gate-drain coupledtransistor.

FIG. 1C shows an example similar to FIG. 1A, except that the diode 50 isplaced on the read line 10. Otherwise the operation of the circuit issimilar to FIG. 1A and the diode effectively prevents the bi-polarmemristor 30 from being reset. FIG. 1D is similar to FIG. 1C, exceptinstead of a diode 50 a transistor 51 with drain coupled to its gate isused as the one-way current conducting device.

FIG. 2 shows an array of memory cells. A first memory cell includes abi-polar memristor 30 and a first address switch A₁ coupled to a firstaddress line. The second memory cell includes a bi-polar memristor 31and a second address switch A₂ coupled to a second address line. Aninput of the first memory cell is coupled to first read line 10 and aninput of the second memory cell is coupled to a second read line 11. Theoutputs of both the first memory cell and second memory cell are coupledto a common line to ground 70 that connects to the circuit ground 60.

A one-way current conducting device, in this example a diode 50, isdisposed on the common line to ground 70. Thus the one-way currentconducting device effectively prevents both the first memory cell andthe second memory cell from being reset by passing a negative currentthrough the memristors of either memory cell. While two memory cells areshown in the example of FIG. 2A, in other examples there may be three ormore memory cells connected to the common line to ground. Thus a singleone-way current conducting device, such as diode 50, may preventresetting of a plurality of memristors. This arrangement saves spacecompared to having a separate diode for each memory cell or memristor.In many electronic devices, space is at a premium and thus reducing thespace needed brings about cost savings, or makes room for othercomponents or functionality to be added to the device.

FIG. 2B is similar to FIG. 2A except that instead of a diode, atransistor 51 is used as the one-way current conducting device on thecommon line to ground 70. Thus a drain D of the transistor 51 and a gateG of the transistor 51 are coupled to the outputs of the memory cellsand a source S of the transistor 51 is coupled to the circuit ground 60.

FIG. 3A shows another array of memory cells. The array includes aplurality of blocks. Each block incudes a plurality of memory cells,wherein each memory cell includes a column address switch. Each blockalso includes a row address switch that is shared between the pluralityof memory cells in the block. The various blocks have outputs leading toa common line 70 to the circuit ground 60. A diode 50 is placed on thecommon line 70 to the circuit ground and acts as a one-way currentconducting device to prevent the bi-polar memristors in the memory cellsof each block from being reset.

Specifically, Block 1 includes a plurality of bi-polar memristors M₁ toM_(N). Each memristor is coupled to a respective read line ID₁ to ID_(n)that is to read the state of the memristor. Each memristor is coupled toa respective column switch M_(C1) to M_(CN). Each column switch iscoupled to a respective column address line C₁ to C₂, whereby a signalon the column address line may turn on or off the column switch. For thecolumn switches may be transistors with gates coupled to the columnaddress lines. Each column switch in the block is coupled to the samerow switch which acts as a row switch M_(R1) for all memristors in thefirst block 1. Thus first memristor M₁ is selected when column switchM_(C1) and row switch M_(R1) are switched on to provide a conductivepath between ID₁ and the common line 70 to circuit ground. Likewise,second memristor M₂ is selected when column switch M_(C2) and row switchM_(R2) are switched on. For simplicity, just the contents of the firstblock 1 are shown in FIG. 3A, but the structure and contents of theother blocks are the same. That is although just one ID line is shownfor the other blocks in FIG. 3A, each block may have a plurality of readlines as shown for block 1. Likewise each read line may be coupled to arespective memristor and column switch as shown for block 1.

Each block has a respective row address switch M_(R1) to M_(RN) and eachrow address switch may be coupled to a respective row address line R₁ toR_(N) which may carry a signal to turn on or off the row switch. Thuseach block has its own row switch coupled to a row address lineaddressing that block. The column address lines may be multiplexed sothat they can address memristors in several different blocks, e.g.column address line C₁ may be coupled to a first column switch in block1, a first column switch in block 2 and a first column switch in block Netc.

A diode 50 is positioned on the common line 70 to circuit ground betweenthe outputs of each block and the circuit ground 60. For example thediode 50 may have a first side coupled to a common line 70 leading toeach of the row switches M_(R1) to M_(RN) and a second side coupled tothe circuit ground 60. The diode acts as a one-way current conductingdevice to prevent resetting of the memristors in each of the blocks. Asone diode 50 may perform this function for a plurality of blocks eachincluding a plurality of memristors, a great deal of space may be savedcompared to having a separate diode for each memristor.

FIG. 3B shows a memory array similar to that of FIG. 3A, except thatinstead of a diode 50, a transistor 51 is provided on the common line 70to circuit ground. A gate G of the transistor 51 is coupled to the drainD of the transistor, so that the transistor may act as a one-way currentconducting device. For example, a drain D of the transistor and a gateof the transistor may be coupled to the outputs of each block and asource S of the transistor may be coupled to the circuit ground 60. Inthis way, even if a high voltage is applied to the circuit ground 60,the gate of the transistor 51 will still have a low voltage and thus thetransistor will remain off and will not allow flow of current in thereverse direction from the circuit ground 60 to the read lines ID. Thismay effectively help to prevent resetting of the bi-polar memristors.

FIG. 4 is a cross section view showing an example structure havingseveral layers that may implement a memory circuit according to thepresent disclosure. The structure has a semiconductor substrate 210. Thesemiconductor substrate 200 is a p-layer which is lightly positivelydoped. However, certain regions of the substrate are N+ regions, whichare heavily negatively doped. The junctions of the positively andnegatively doped regions may be arranged to form field effect transistorswitches or diodes.

Referring to the left of FIG. 4, a second metal layer 260 overlies afirst metal layer 230 and is separated from the first metal layer by asecond insulating layer 240. A via extends through the second insulatinglayer 240 and connects the second metal layer 260 with the first metallayer 230. As well as metal, the via includes a metal oxide layer 250.This structure forms a memristor 30.

The second metal layer 260 may be formed of any suitable conductingmaterials such as aluminum, copper and alloys thereof. In one example analloy including aluminum and copper is used as the second metal layer.Any suitable conducting materials may be used in the first metal layer230, such as aluminum, copper and alloys thereof. In one example analloy including aluminum, copper and silicon is used as the first metallayer. The second insulating layer 240 may include any suitableelectrically insulating material and in one example includes Tetraethylorthosilicate.

The first metal layer 230 is connected to a negatively doped region 210of the substrate 200 by a via that extends through a first insulatinglayer 220. Any suitable electrically insulating material may be used asthe first insulating layer 220 and in one example Borophosphosilicateglass is used.

Moving further to the right of FIG. 4, a column switch CS and a rowswitch RS are depicted. The switches are field effect transistors. Thememristor 30 is connected to the column switch by a negatively dopedregion 210 of the semiconductor substrate.

The drain of the column switch is formed by a part of the negativelydoped region 210A of the substrate. Another negatively doped region 276acts as the source of the column switch. The drain is separated from thesource by a region of positively doped p-type substrate which forms partof the gate. The gate of the column switch further includes a silicondioxide layer 270 and polysilicon layer 272 which lie above thesubstrate 200 and are connected to a gate contact 274. The gate contact274 is in the first metal layer, but is isolated from the memristor. Thegate contact 274 may connect to a column address line (not shown).

As mentioned above the source 276 of the column switch is provided by anegatively doped portion of the substrate 276. This negatively dopedportion 276 also acts as a drain of the row switch RS. The source of therow switch is another negatively doped portion 286, which is separatedfrom the drain by a positively doped region which forms part of thegate. The gate of the row switch further includes a silicon dioxidelayer 280 and polysilicon layer 282 and a gate contact 284 in the firstmetal layer. The gate contact 284 may connect to a row line (not shown).

A connecting line 290 connects the source of the row switch 286 to adiode 50. The connecting line 290 corresponds to the common line toground 70 mentioned in the circuit diagrams of FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A and 3C.The connecting line 290 includes a connecting portion in the secondmetal layer and a first via to connect to the source of the row switch286 and a second via to connect to the diode 50. The diode 50 is formedfrom a p-n junction in the substrate 200. A cross sectional view of thediode along the dotted lines is shown at the bottom of FIG. 4. The diodeincludes a small area 292 of lightly positively doped substrate thatborders with a negatively doped region 294 of the substrate 200. Thejunction between the negatively doped material and positively dopedsubstrate forms a diode. The positively doped region 292 may besurrounded on all sides by negatively doped material 294 as shown in thecross section. Surrounding the positively doped region in this way,rather than for example having a continuous strip of positively dopedmaterial extending through the substrate, may maximize the p-n contactand per unit area and reduce the forward resistance of the diode. Thenegatively doped region on the other side of the diode connects througha via to a ground pad 298 in the second metal layer on the top of thestructure.

FIG. 5 shows a structure similar to FIG. 4, except that it has adrain-gate connected transistor 51 instead of a diode. Otherwise likereference numerals denote like parts as in FIG. 4. Similar to the columnand row switches, the transistor 51 includes a drain 295 and a source296 formed of negatively doped regions of the semiconductor substrateand a gate including a positively doped region, a silicon dioxide layer297B, and a polysilicon layer 297A. Unlike the column and row switches,the drain 295 of the transistor is connected to the gate 297B, 297A by aconductive metal path 290. Specifically, in the example of FIG. 5, aconnecting line on the first metal layer connects through a first viawith the drain region of the transistor and through a second via withthe gate of the transistor. In this way the gate is coupled to the drainand the transistor allows current to pass when the drain (and thus gate)voltage is high, but does not let current pass if the source voltage ishigher than the drain (and gate) voltage.

FIG. 6 shows one example of a system 300 that comprises a fluid ejectiondevice 316 including a memristor circuit, or a memory array, 350 asdescribed above. The system 300 includes a computing device 302 that isconnected to a fluid ejection apparatus 304, such as a printer. Thecomputing device may be connected by a direct wired connection, wirelessconnection or a computer network. The computing device may sendinstructions to a controller 306 to instruct printing or ejection offluid in a precise manner. The controller 306 may be located in theapparatus 304 and may, for example, be an ASIC. The controller 306 mayinclude a processor 308 and a data storage device 310. The controller306 sends instructions to a fluid ejection device 316 to instructprinting or precision ejection of fluid.

The fluid ejection device 316 may form part of a fluid cartridge 314.For example the fluid cartridge may also include a fluid reservoir 312and a fluid conditioning assembly 332 through which ink or other fluidis circulated to the fluid ejection device. In other examples the fluidejection device may be separate and independent from the fluidcartridge, but receive fluid therefrom. A mounting assembly 318 and amedia transport assembly 320 may move a media and the fluid ejectiondevice relative to each other so that fluid may be ejected to a desiredarea of the media. The system may be powered by a power supply 330.

The fluid ejection device 316 includes a memristor circuit or a memoryarray 350. This may be used to identify the fluid ejection device to thecontroller 306. For example, the controller 306 may read and/or write tothe memory array 350 to validate that the fluid ejection device is agenuine device that is suitable for use with the fluid ejectionapparatus. As the memory array 350 uses memristors it may be relativelysmall and thus only occupy a relatively small space on the fluidejection device, leaving other space free for other purposes. In oneexample the controller 306 is capable of delivering a single polarity ofvoltage in the signals it sends to the fluid ejection device, forinstance positive voltages. With the memory array described above,memristor memory cells may still be set and reset even when a singlepolarity of voltage is delivered to the fluid ejection device.

The fluid ejection device also includes circuitry 360 to eject drops offluid from apertures in the fluid ejection device. The circuitry may bereceive instruction signals from the controller 306 and process thesesignals to eject fluid from particular fluid ejection apertures, forinstance by heating of thermal ejection elements or otherwise. Thememory array 350 and circuitry 360 may share some common circuitelements, for instance voltage input and/or some signal lines. This maysave cost and minimize the space used on the silicon real estate of thefluid ejection device.

For example, they may be used in a fluid ejection device. One example ofa fluid ejection device is a printhead for ejecting ink. However, afluid ejection device is not limited thereto and may be used forejecting magnetic substances, pharmaceuticals and other fluids. In oneexample the memristor or the memory array may be used for storingproduct identification data identifying the electronic device, oranti-counterfeit data, such as codes used to validate the electronicdevice as a genuine device which may be used with other equipmentbelonging to the same vendor.

All of the features disclosed in this specification (including anyaccompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps ofany method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination,except combinations where at least some of such features and/or stepsare mutually exclusive.

Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanyingclaims, abstract and drawings), may be replaced by alternative featuresserving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly statedotherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each featuredisclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent orsimilar features.

What is claimed is:
 1. A memory circuit including: a memory cellincluding an input coupled to a read line, an output coupled to acircuit ground, a bi-polar memristor and at least one address switchcoupled to an address line to select the memory cell; and a one-waycurrent conducting device to prevent resetting of the bi-polarmemristor; wherein the one-way current conducting device is positionedbetween the memory cell output and the circuit ground, or between theread line and the memory cell input.
 2. The memory circuit of claim 1wherein the one-way current conducting device comprises a diode.
 3. Thememory circuit of claim 2 wherein a breakdown voltage of the diode is atleast 10V.
 4. The memory circuit of claim 1 wherein the one-way currentconducting device comprises a transistor including a gate and a drain,wherein the gate of the transistor is coupled to the drain of thetransistor.
 5. The memory circuit of claim 1 wherein the memory circuitincludes a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell being connectedto a common line to the circuit ground and wherein the one-way currentconducting device is positioned on the common line to the circuit groundto prevent resetting of the plurality of memory cells.
 6. The memorycircuit of claim 5 wherein the memory circuit includes a plurality ofblocks, each block including a plurality of bi-polar memristors, eachbi-polar memristor associated with a respective column switch and allbi-polar memristors in a block sharing a common row switch; wherein aplurality of row switches connect to the common line to the circuitground and the one-way current conducting device is positioned on thecommon line to the circuit ground.
 7. A fluid ejection devicecomprising: a memory cell on a conductive path between a read signalinput line and a circuit ground; wherein the memory cell includes abi-polar memristor and an address switch to select the bi-polarmemristor; and a one-way current conducting device positioned betweenthe memory cell and the circuit ground or between the read signal inputline and the memory cell.
 8. The fluid ejection device of claim 7wherein the one-way current conducting device comprises an avalanchediode.
 9. The fluid ejection device of claim 7 wherein the one-waycurrent conducting device comprises a transistor including a gate, adrain and a source, wherein the gate and the drain are coupled to a sameinput.
 10. An electronic device including a memory storing productidentification and/or anti-counterfeit data; wherein the memoryincludes: a plurality of memory cells; each memory cell including aninput coupled to a read line, an address switch to select the cell, abi-polar memristor and an output; wherein the output of each of memorycell is coupled to a common line to a circuit ground that is sharedbetween the plurality of memory cells; and wherein a one-way currentconducting device is positioned on the common line to the circuit groundto prevent resetting of the plurality of memory cells.
 11. Theelectronic device of claim 10 wherein the one-way current conductingdevice comprises a diode.
 12. The electronic device of claim 10 whereinthe one-way current conducting device comprises a transistor including agate and a drain, wherein both the gate of the transistor and the drainof the transistor are coupled to the outputs of the plurality of memorycells, and the source of the transistor is coupled to the circuitground.
 13. The memory circuit of claim 1 wherein the circuit is formedin a structure including a plurality of layers and wherein a drain andsource of the address switch and the one-way current conducting deviceare formed from negatively doped regions and positively doped regions ofa same layer of the structure.
 14. The memory circuit of claim 1 whereinthe circuit is formed in a structure including a plurality of layers, anupper layer of said structure being a metal layer including a read lineand a ground pad, a semiconductor substrate of said structure includingthe address switch and the one-way current conducting device and whereinthe ground pad is connected to the one-way current conducting devicethrough a via.
 15. The memory circuit of claim 1 wherein the one-waycurrent conducting device comprises a p-n diode and a positively dopedregion of the p-n diode is connected to a source of the address switchby two vias and a metal layer.